SIR RICHARD FRANCIS BURTON

fter they completed their expedition to Africa's central lake region in ,1859, John Harming Speke returned to London ahead of Richard Francis Burton and claimed credit for the discovery of the source of the Nile. Some weeks later, Burton arrived and their feud commenced. The following year, while Burton toured America, Speke returned to the lakes but failed to collect convincing evidence that his assertion was correct.

In 1861, Burton married Isabel and accepted the consulship of Fernando Po. He did not allow his new wife to accompany him there and they didn't see each other again until December the following year.

Burton's duties on the disease-ridden island ended in 1864. That same year, in September, he was due to debate the Nile question with Speke at a meeting of the Royal Geographical Society in Bath. The day before the scheduled encounter, Speke died from a gunshot wound to his side while out hunting.

His death marked a turning point in Burton's career.

Burton became consul in Brazil, then Damascus, and finally in Trieste, and spent the rest of his life focusing on his writing rather than on exploration.

Queen Victoria did not award him a knighthood until 1886.

He died from heart failure in 1890. Controversy followed, when it became known that Isabel had burned many of his papers, notebooks, and unpublished manuscripts.

ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE

In 1866, Swinburne caused a sensation with the publication of Poems and Ballads I and quickly became the enfant terrible of the Victorian literary scene. Though he was quickly hailed as one of England's premier poets, his alcoholism took a heavy toll on both his health and his career. He also diverted much of his energy into his fascination with birchings and sexual deviancyhe had a condition known to modern medicine as algolagnia, which causes pain to be interpreted as pleasure-and critics generally agree that he never lived up to his potential.

In 1879, when he was forty-two years old, Swinburne suffered a mental and physical breakdown and was removed from the temptations of the London social scene by his friend Theodore Watts. For the remainder of his life, Swinburne lived in relative seclusion with Watts, losing his rebellious streak and settling into comfortable respectability until his death in 1909.

Swinburne's words "-of shame: what is it? Of virtue: we can miss it. Of sin: we can kiss it. And it's no longer sin" form part of his poem "Before Dawn" which appeared in Poems and Ballads, First Series, The Poems of Algernon Charles Swinburne. 6 vols. London: Chatto, 1904.

"Not with dreams, but with blood and with iron, shall a nation be moulded to last," is from his poem "A Word for the Country" (undated).

Thou hast conquered, O pale Galilean;
The world has grown grey from thy breath;
We have drunken from things Lethean,
And fed on the fullness of death

is from "Hymn to Prosperpine," which appeared in Poems and Ballads, First Series.

How he that loves life overmuch shall die
The dog's death, utterly:
And he that much less loves it than he hates
All wrongdoing that is done
Anywhere always underneath the sun
Shall live a mightier life than time's or fate's

is from "Thalassius, Songs of the Springtides" which appeared in Poems and Ballads, First Series.

JOHN MANNING SPEKE

Much might be said about Speke's attitude toward Burton after their expedition to the lakes; his actions definitely raise questions about his character. However, it is quite wrong to accuse him of cowardice. Certainly, this is what he thought Burton had done when the explorer published his account of the attack at Berbera. Speke felt that Burton's command-"Don't step back! They'll think that we're retiring!"-was a personal slight. There is no evidence to suggest, though, that Burton ever meant it as such.

Without the advantage of flight, Speke's second expedition to Africa's central lake region took as long as the first. The subsequent debate with Burton, therefore, was not scheduled for September 1861, but September 1864.

OSCAR WILDE

The Great Irish Famine lasted from 1845 to 1852. Oscar Wilde was not a refugee from it, nor was he an orphan or paperboy.

As an adult he became a playwright, poet, author, and controversial celebrity. His epigrams are still celebrated today. They include:

"By giving us the opinions of the uneducated, journalism keeps us in touch with the ignorance of the community."

"There is luxury in self-reproach. When we blame ourselves, we feel no one else has a right to blame us."

"I am so clever that sometimes I don't understand a single word of what I'm saying."

"I have the simplest tastes. I am always satisfied with the best."

"When I was young, I thought money was the most important thing in life. Now that I'm old-I know it is.,,

"One can survive everything, nowadays, except death, and live down everything except a good reputation."

Wilde died in 1900.

LAURENCE OLIPHANT

Laurence Oliphant never kept a white panther as a pet. He did, however, nurture John Hanning Speke's resentment of Burton.

In 1861, he became first secretary of the British Legation in Japan but soon after accepting the post there was an attack on the Legation during which he was severely wounded, losing the full use of one hand.

After a failed stint in parliament, he showed more promise as a novelist but then fell under the influence of the spiritualist prophet Thomas Lake Harris. From 1868, he lived as a farm labourer in Harris's cult, not breaking free until 1881.

He spent the rest of his life as an author until his death in 1888.

RICHARD MONGKTON MILNES

Richard Monckton Milnes, one of Burton's best friends, was a poet and politician. He was a patron of literature and possessed a massive collection of erotic books.

Milnes never said: "The Eugenicists are beginning to call their filthy experimentations `Genetics,' after the Ancient Greek `Genesis,' meaning `Origin.' This is in response to the work of Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian priest. A priest! Can there be any greater hypocrite than a priest who meddles with Creation?"

The significance of Gregor Johann Mendel's work was not recognised until the turn of the twentieth century, long after his death. He eventually became known as the father of modern genetics.

Milnes died in 1885.

ISAMBARD KINGDOM BRUNEL

Isambard Kingdom Brunel actually said: "I am opposed to the laying down of rules or conditions to be observed in the construction of bridges lest the progress of improvement tomorrow might be embarrassed or shackled by recording or registering as law the prejudices or errors of today."

Brunel planned his "atmospheric railway" as an extension of the GWR Line, intending that it should stretch from Exeter toward Plymouth. A section of the route operated from 1847 to 1848 but, after the leather flap-valves were eaten by rats, Brunel abandoned the project.

He was not involved in the building of the London Underground, the first line of which opened in 1863. He did, however, complete the Thames Tunnel, which had been designed by his father, Marc Brunel. This was later purchased by a consortium of six railway companies and, in 1884, the District and Metropolitan Lines began to operate a service through it.

Brunel designed and built the Great Western Railway, a number of bridges-most famously the Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol-and ocean liners, including the massive seven-hundred-foot Great Eastern.

In 2002, the BBC conducted a public poll to determine the "100 Greatest Britons." Isambard Kingdom Brunel came in second place, after Winston Churchill.

He died in 1859.

HENRY JOHN TEMPLE, 3RD VISCOUNT PALMERSTON

Lord Palmerston was British prime minister from 1855 to 1858 and again from 1859 to 1865, when he died in office. He did not have any plastic surgery.

PAUL GUSTAVE DORE

The French artist's association with London didn't begin until the mid1860s. His book of engravings, London: A Pilgrimage, was published in 1872.

He died in 1883.

CONSTABLE WILLIAM TROUNCE

There is no record of Constable William Trounce having been present at the scene when Edward Oxford tried, and failed, to assassinate Queen Victoria in 1840. However, on May 29, 1842, another assassination attempt was made, this time by a young man named John Francis. After firing a pistol at the monarch, Francis was seized by Constable William Trounce. History does not record what happened to the brave policeman after this brief moment of fame.

THE BATTERSEA POWER STATION

The station was not proposed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and didn't exist during Queen Victoria's reign. Its construction commenced in March 1929. It still stands, though abandoned and derelict.

29 HANBURY STREET, SPITALFIELDS

This premises is where the body of Annie Chapman, one of Jack the Ripper's victims, was discovered on the morning of September 8, 1888. Her mutilated body was found in the backyard.

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

The "Lady of the Lamp" did not say: "When we adjust some element of an animal's nature, a quite different element alters of its own accord, as if there is some system of checks and balances at work. What we cannot fathom is why the unplanned changes seem entirely pointless from a functional perspective. I am baffled. Galton is baffled. Darwin is baffled. All we can do is experiment, experiment, experiment!"

Florence Nightingale revolutionised nursing and is rightfully regarded as one of British history's greatest women. She died at the age of ninety in 1910.

HENRY DE LA POER BERESFORD, 3RD MARQUESS OF WATERFORD

The Mad Marquess never said: "Every time we are faced with a choice, and we are faced with them every minute of every day, we make a decision and follow its course into the future. But what of the abandoned options? Are they like unopened doors? Do alternative futures lie beyond them? How far would we wander from the course we have steered were we to go back and, just once, open Door A instead of Door B?"

In 1842, he married and put his wild youth behind him.

He died in a horse-riding accident in 1859.